Pile and soil
Pile type/shape, D, L; γ, φ; groundwater; K, δ, critical depth; FSCritical depth: σ′v is taken as constant below a depth of about L′ = 15D–20D (Vesić/Meyerhof observation). Recommended K (Das): bored pile ≈ K₀ = 1 − sin φ; low-displacement driven K₀–1.4K₀; high-displacement driven K₀–1.8K₀. δ ≈ 0.5–0.8 φ.